Eiffel tower
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Sabtu, 08 Juni 2013
Jumat, 22 Februari 2013
Minggu, 06 Januari 2013
History of eiffel tower
The
Eiffel Tower
was built for the International Exhibition of Paris of 1889
commemorating the centenary of the French Revolution. The Prince of Wales,
later King Edward VII of England, opened the
tower. Of the 700 proposals submitted in a design competition,
Gustave Eiffel's was unanimously chosen.
However it was not accepted by all at first, and a petition of 300 names
- including those of Maupassant, Emile Zola, Charles Garnier (architect
of the Opéra Garnier), and Dumas the Younger - protested its construction. At 300 meters (320.75 m including
antenna), and 7,000 tons, it was the world's tallest building until
1930. Other statistics include:
- 2.5 million rivets
- 300 steel workers, and 2 years (1887-1889) to construct it.
- Sway of at most 12 cm in high winds.
- Height varies up to 15 cm depending on temperature.
- 15,000 iron pieces (excluding rivets). 40 tons of paint. 1652 steps to the top.
In 1889, Gustave Eiffel
began to fit the peak of the tower as an observation
station to measure the speed of wind. He also encouraged several scientific
experiments including Foucault's
giant pendulum, a mercury barometer and the first experiment of radio transmission.
In 1898, Eugene Ducretet at the Pantheon,
received signals from the tower.
After Gustave Eiffel experiments in the field
of meterology, he begun to look at the effects of wind and air resistance,
the science that would later be termed aerodynamics, which has become a
large part of both military and commercial aviation as well as rocket technology.
Gustave Eiffel imagined an automatic
device sliding along a cable that was stretched between the ground and the
second floor of the Eiffel Tower. (reference)
The tower was almost torn down in 1909,
but was saved because of its antenna used both for military and other purposes,
and the city let it stand after the permit expired. When the tower played
an important role in capturing the infamous spy Mata Hari
during World War I, it gained such importance
to the French people that there was no more thought of demolishing it.-
used for telegraphy at that time.
From 1910 and on the Eiffel
Tower became part of the International Time Service. French radio (since
1918), and French television (since
1957) have also made use of its stature.
During its lifetime, the Eiffel Tower has also
witnessed a few strange scenes, including being scaled by a mountaineer
in 1954, and parachuted off of in
1984 by two Englishmen. In 1923
a journalist rode a bicycle down from the first level. Some accounts say
he rode down the stairs, other accounts suggest the exterior of one of the
tower's four legs which slope outward. (reference)
Of the 7.5 million kilowatt hours of electricity
used annually, 580 thousand are used exclusively to illuminate the tower.
The tower's annual operation also requires the use of 2 tons of paper
for tickets, 4 tons of rag or paper wipes, 10,000 applications of detergents,
400 liters of metal cleansers and 25,000 garbage bags. (reference)
On the four facades of the tower, the 72 surnames of leading turn-of-the-century
French scientists and engineers are engraved
in recognition of their contributions to science. This engraving was over
painted at the beginning of the 20th century and restored in
1986-1987 by the Société Nouvelle d' Exploitation
de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the
Tower.
(sumber: http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Landmarks/eiffel-history.htm)
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